Kodi Ndi Zida Ziti Zofunikira Pomanga Malo Olumikizirana a Photovoltaic? Buku Lotsogolera Pomanga Malo Olumikizirana a Photovoltaic

Malo olumikizirana a photovoltaic ndi njira yatsopano yopangira zinthu zomwe zimaphatikiza ukadaulo wopanga magetsi a photovoltaic ndi kumanga malo olumikizirana. Amapereka mphamvu yokhazikika komanso yodalirika ya zida zolumikizirana m'malo omwe alibe malo okwanira bwino, monga madera akutali, madera amapiri, ndi zilumba. Nkhaniyi ipereka chidule chatsatanetsatane cha zida zoyambira ndi zothandizira zomwe zimafunikira pomanga malo olumikizirana a photovoltaic, komanso mfundo zazikulu zokonzera, zomwe zikupereka malangizo othandiza kwa akatswiri pantchitoyi.

I. Zipangizo Zopangira Mphamvu Zapakati

1. Ma module a Photovoltaic (Ma Solar Panels)

Ma module a photovoltaic ndi "mtima" wa dongosolo lonse, omwe ali ndi udindo wosintha mphamvu ya dzuwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi yolunjika (DC). Malo olumikizirana nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mapanelo a solar a monocrystalline kapena polycrystalline silicon, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu kuyambira 200W mpaka 400W. Chiwerengero ndi mphamvu ya ma module a photovoltaic ziyenera kukonzedwa moyenera kutengera mphamvu yomwe zida zolumikizirana zimagwiritsa ntchito komanso momwe kuwala kwa dzuwa kumakhalira. Ndikofunikira kusankha zinthu zodziwika bwino zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino komanso zimateteza nyengo, ndikusunga malire a mphamvu ya 15%–20%.

2. Zosinthira za Photovoltaic

Ma inverter amasintha mphamvu ya DC yopangidwa ndi ma module a photovoltaic kukhala mphamvu ya AC kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zida zolumikizirana. Pamalo olumikizirana, ma inverter oyera a sine wave amalimbikitsidwa, chifukwa amapanga mawonekedwe oyera otulutsa omwe amateteza zida zolumikizirana zomvera. Ponena za kusankha mphamvu, mphamvu yovotera ya inverter iyenera kukhala yokulirapo nthawi 1.5 mpaka 2 kuposa mphamvu yonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida zolumikizirana kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino ngakhale panthawi yomwe zinthu zili pamwamba.

3. Banki ya Batri

Batireyi imagwira ntchito ngati "malo osungira mphamvu" a malo olumikizirana a photovoltaic, kupereka mphamvu ku zida zolumikizirana usiku kapena nthawi yamvula kapena mitambo. Mitundu itatu yodziwika bwino ndi mabatire a lead-acid, mabatire a gel, ndi mabatire a lithiamu-ion. Mabatire a lead-acid ndi otsika mtengo koma amakhala ndi moyo waufupi; mabatire a gel ndi osasamalidwa bwino ndipo ndi oyenera malo opanda anthu; ngakhale mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri, amapereka moyo wautali komanso mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale chisankho chabwino kwambiri pa malo apamwamba. Kuchuluka kwa batire kuyenera kuwerengedwa kutengera kuchuluka kwa masiku amvula otsatizana komanso mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku pazida zolumikizirana.

II. Zipangizo Zogawa ndi Kuwongolera Mphamvu

1. Chowongolera cha PV

Chowongolera cha PV chimagwira ntchito ngati "ubongo" wa makina opangira magetsi a photovoltaic. Chimayang'anira njira yochajira kuchokera ku ma module a PV kupita ku mabatire, chimaletsa kudzaza kwambiri ndi kutulutsa mphamvu mopitirira muyeso, komanso chimawonjezera moyo wa batri. Pa malo olumikizirana, tikukulimbikitsani kusankha chowongolera cha MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), chomwe chingathandize kuti magetsi azigwira bwino ntchito ndi 15%–30% poyerekeza ndi owongolera a PWM. Mphamvu yamagetsi yovotera ya chowongolera iyenera kukhala yoposa nthawi 1.25 kuposa mphamvu yamagetsi yafupikitsa ya ma module a PV.

2. Kabati Yogawa Mphamvu

Kabati yogawa magetsi imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira ndi kugawa mphamvu zamagetsi, ndipo imaphatikizapo zinthu zoteteza monga zotsekera ma circuit, ma fuse, ndi zoteteza ma surge. Kabati yogawa magetsi pamalo olumikizirana iyenera kukhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zoteteza, kuphatikizapo kuteteza mphezi, kuteteza mopitirira muyeso, ndi kuteteza ma short-circuit, kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha magetsi. Kabatiyo iyenera kukhala ndi IP65 protection rating kuti ipirire malo ovuta akunja.

3. Monitoring System

Dongosolo loyang'anira lakutali limagwira ntchito ngati "maso" a tsamba lolumikizirana la PV, lotha kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni magawo ofunikira monga kupanga mphamvu ya PV module, mulingo wa batri, momwe inverter ilili, ndi kutentha kwa mlengalenga. Deta imatumizidwa ku malo owunikira kudzera pa ma netiweki a 4G/5G kapena kulumikizana kwa satellite, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ntchito yoyang'aniridwa isayang'aniridwe komanso zidziwitso zolakwika zidziwike. Dongosolo loyang'anira liyenera kukhala ndi ntchito monga kusungira deta yakale, zidziwitso za alamu, ndi kuwongolera kutali.

III. Kapangidwe ndi Zipangizo Zoyikira

1. Machitidwe Oyikira PV

Makina oyika ma PV amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza ndikuthandizira ma module a photovoltaic; mtundu woyenera uyenera kusankhidwa kutengera momwe malo oyikamo alili. Pazoyika zokhazikika pansi, maziko a konkriti kapena milu ya zomangira zingagwiritsidwe ntchito; kuyika padenga kumafuna kuganizira za mphamvu yonyamula katundu komanso kuletsa madzi kulowa; kuyika kotsetsereka kumafuna makina oyika ngodya yosinthika. Zipangizo zoyika ziyenera kukhala chitsulo chotentha kapena aluminiyamu, zomwe zimapereka kukana dzimbiri bwino.

2. Makabati ndi Malo Osungira Zinthu

Zipangizo zolumikizirana ziyenera kuyikidwa m'makabati okhala ndi ziwongolero zapamwamba zotetezera. Makabati nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ziwongolero zoteteza za IP55 kapena IP65, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti fumbi lisalowe, lisalowe madzi, komanso lisagwe dzimbiri. Mkati mwa makabati mumafunika kapangidwe kabwino komanso malo okwanira ochotsera kutentha ndipo muyenera kukhala ndi makina owongolera kutentha (mafani kapena mpweya woziziritsa) kuti muwonetsetse kuti zida zikugwira ntchito pa kutentha koyenera.

3. Zingwe ndi Zolumikizira

Makina a photovoltaic amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zapadera za PV zomwe zimalimbana ndi UV, kutentha kwambiri, komanso kutentha kochepa. Zingwe zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi ziyenera kutetezedwa kuti zichepetse kusokonezeka kwa maginito. Zolumikizira zonse ziyenera kukhala zosalowa madzi komanso zosapsa fumbi; zinthu zamafakitale monga zolumikizira za MC4 zimalimbikitsidwa.

IV. Zida Zotetezera ndi Zothandizira

1. Njira Yotetezera Mphezi

Popeza malo olumikizirana a PV nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo otseguka, chitetezo cha mphezi n'chofunika kwambiri. Ndodo za mphezi ndi zida zotetezera ma surge (SPDs) ziyenera kuyikidwa, ndipo makina oyenera otetezera nthaka ayenera kukhazikitsidwa. Kukana kwa nthaka kuyenera kukhala kochepera 10 Ω kuti zitsimikizire kuti mphamvu yamagetsi imatayika bwino panthawi ya mphezi.

2. Zida Zotetezera Moto

Mkati mwa makabati muyenera kukhala ndi makina ozimitsa moto okha (monga makina a gasi a heptafluoropropane), ndipo zida zozimitsira moto monga zozimitsira moto za ufa wouma ziyenera kuyikidwa pamalopo. Makina owunikira ayenera kuphatikiza ntchito zochenjeza za utsi ndi kutentha.

3. Zipangizo Zoyang'anira Zachilengedwe

Ikani zida zowunikira chilengedwe monga zowunikira kutentha ndi chinyezi, komanso zowunikira liwiro la mphepo ndi momwe zinthu zikuyendera, kuti zipereke chithandizo cha deta ya chilengedwe kuti dongosolo lizigwira ntchito. Mu nyengo yovuta kwambiri, dongosololi likhoza kusintha njira yake yogwirira ntchito kuti liteteze chitetezo cha zida.

V. Mfundo Zofunikira Zokonzera ndi Malangizo

1. Mfundo Yogwirizanitsa Mphamvu

Mphamvu ya ma module a photovoltaic, mphamvu ya batri, ndi mphamvu ya inverter ziyenera kufanana bwino. Kawirikawiri, kasinthidwe kamatsatira chiŵerengero cha “mphamvu ya module ya photovoltaic: mphamvu ya batri: mphamvu ya inverter = 1:1.2:1.5,” ngakhale kuti kusintha kwina kuyenera kupangidwa kutengera momwe kuwala kwa dzuwa kumakhalira komanso momwe zida zolumikizirana zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.

2. Kapangidwe ka Kubwezeretsanso Ndalama

Poganizira zinthu monga kukalamba kwa zida ndi kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito, tikukulimbikitsani kusunga kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa 20%–30% panthawi yokonza makina. Pazida zofunika kwambiri monga zowongolera ndi ma inverter, tikulimbikitsidwa kukhazikitsa njira yochepetsera mphamvu ya N+1.

3. Kusamalira Bwino

Kapangidwe ka zida kayenera kukhala kosavuta kukonza ndi kukonza, ndipo malo okwanira ogwirira ntchito ayenera kusungidwa. Mabanki a mabatire ayenera kuyikidwa m'malo opumira bwino kuti zinthu zisinthe mosavuta. Dongosolo loyang'anira liyenera kupereka zambiri mwatsatanetsatane za momwe zida zilili kuti zithandize kuzindikira zolakwika.

4. Kusanthula kwa Mtengo-Kupindula

Posankha zida, zinthu monga ndalama zoyambira, ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, ndi nthawi yogwirira ntchito ziyenera kuganiziridwa mokwanira. Ngakhale kuti zida zapamwamba zimakhala ndi ndalama zoyambira zambiri, zimatha kuchepetsa mtengo wonse wa umwini (TCO) pakapita nthawi.

Kumanga malo olumikizirana ndi photovoltaic ndi pulojekiti yokonzedwa bwino yomwe imafuna kusankha zida zoyenera kutengera zochitika zinazake zogwiritsira ntchito. Ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku watsatanetsatane wa malo ndi kusanthula katundu musanayambe ntchito kuti mupange dongosolo lomanga labwino mwasayansi. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yonse yoyendetsera O&M iyenera kukhazikitsidwa, yokhala ndi kuwunika pafupipafupi ndi kukonza zida kuti zitsimikizire kuti malo olumikizirana akuyenda bwino kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa ukadaulo wa photovoltaic komanso kuchepa kwa ndalama zomwe zikupitilira, malo olumikizirana ndi photovoltaic adzakhala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'magawo ambiri, kupereka chidziwitso chodalirika cholumikizirana kumadera akutali.